^ Müller ME, Nazarian S, Koch P, et al."How reliable are reliability studies of fracture classifications? A systematic review of their methodologies". ^ Audigé L, Bhandari M, Kellam J (2004).^ Müller ME, Nazarian S, Koch P (1987).In 2006 they published a revision, unifying the Muller/AO and OTA systems into a single alphanumeric classification, which has been further updated in 2018: Localisation The Orthopaedic Trauma Association Committee for Coding and Classification initially published their classification system covering the whole skeleton in 1996. OTA/AO Classification unifying extension Subgroups are then used to describe the fractures in terms of displacement (versus apposition, which is the degree to which the parts are in contact with each other), rotation, angulation and shortening.ĪO pediatric comprehensive classification of long bone fractures Ī pediatric version of the long-bone classification was published in 2006 to further classify fractures of immature bone and so the effects on future growth: Malleolar segment (only used with tibia and fibulaĮach fracture is next given a letter (A, B or C) to describe the joint involvement of the fracture:įinally, the fracture is given 2 further numbers to denote the fracture pattern and geometry.įor segment 1 and 3 (epiphyseal and metaphyseal) fractures: The English language version of the system allows consistent in detail description of a fracture in defined terminology by creating a 5-element alphanumeric code:įirst, each fracture is given 2 numbers to describe which bone it affects, and where in the bone: Comprehensive classification of the long bones It is one of the few complete fracture classification systems to remain in use today after validation. "AO" is an initialism for the German "Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthesefragen", the predecessor of the AO Foundation. All rights reserved.The Müller AO Classification of fractures is a system for classifying bone fractures initially published in 1987 by the AO Foundation as a method of categorizing injuries according to therognosis of the patient's anatomical and functional outcome. Further validation of the most detailed system, as well as involvement of surgeons with different levels of training in the framework of clinical routine and research, however, should be considered.Ĭopyright © 2013 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. This new system for scapular glenoid fractures has proved to be sufficiently reliable and accurate when applied by experienced shoulder surgeons. Subsequently, classification of simple F1 fractures resulted in a proportion of 36% of anterior rim fractures, 19% of posterior rim fractures, and 45% of short oblique fractures, with accuracies ranging from 85% to 98%. Surgeons' accuracy in classifying F1 fractures ranged from 86% to 100% (median, 94%). The overall median sensitivity and specificity in identifying these fractures were 95% and 93%, respectively. Of 120 scapular fractures, 46 involved the glenoid (38%), with 38 classified as F1 articular rim fractures. Inter-rater reliability was analyzed with κ statistics, and accuracy was estimated by latent class modeling. The last evaluation was conducted on a consecutive collection of 120 scapular fractures documented by both plain radiographs and computed tomography scans including 3-dimensional surface rendering. The AO Scapula Classification Group introduces an appropriate novel system that is presented along with its inter-rater reliability and accuracy.Īn iterative consensus process (involving a series of face-to-face meetings and agreement studies) with an international group of 7 experienced shoulder surgeons was used to specify and evaluate a scapular fracture classification system with a focus on fracture patterns of the glenoid fossa. A comprehensive and reliable scapula classification system involving the glenoid fracture patterns is needed to describe the underlying pathology. Fractures of the glenoid frequently require surgical treatment.
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